Nov.24, 2008
[Source: sciam.com.cn]
一项新的研究显示,睡眠不仅可使人的身体恢复活力,而且还能触发大脑中的“复原按钮”,以此帮助大脑保持灵活,为学习做好准备。研究还表明,睡眠可以减少由于大脑中连接点(突触)过多所造成的有害积累。
在近日举行的神经科学学会年会上,有专家提出,无论是慢波睡眠还是快速眼动睡眠,都会改变大脑的生物化学组合,这样的改变是继续学习新东西的必需。威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校的基娅·西雷利和其他研究人员提出证据表明,睡眠可能同时具备巩固记忆和恢复能量两种功效。
通常来说,加强连接(突触)是件好事,它被认为是记忆形成的重要一步。西雷利指出,大脑永远不可能继续建立已有的连接(突触)。在对老鼠进行的研究实验中,西雷利和她的同事发现,老鼠醒着的时间越长,一种叫谷氨酸受体的分子就越丰富。它与大脑化学谷氨酸盐一同起作用,帮助在神经元之间建立连接(突触)。一直醒着的老鼠,其大脑中的谷氨酸受体数量有可能比有过睡眠的老鼠高40%。一项新的果蝇实验显示,大脑的所有区域中的连接(突触)部分,分子数量都更多。
西雷利的小组发现,睡眠可以分解构成突触的分子。特别是慢波睡眠,它能够减少大脑中构成突触分子的数量。这个小组还公布了一项人体实验。此项实验在人们睡觉时通过发出轻微声响来打扰慢波睡眠,这种打扰削弱了一种学习能力。
密西根大学的睡眠研究专家吉娜坡认为,干扰慢波睡眠也会干扰快速眼动睡眠。所以需要更多的实验来证明慢波睡眠是使大脑清醒的关键环节。但是,她认为,睡眠在为获取新信息而清楚旧记忆方面的作用是显而易见的。“睡眠不仅建构事情,也清除它们”。
吉娜坡和她的同事发现,快速眼动睡眠可以清除去甲肾上腺素和血清素。去甲肾上腺素和血清素会稳固突触。在老鼠睡眠时将血清素注入其大脑会扰乱老鼠形成某种特定记忆的能力。这表明,在睡眠时将旧的记忆移除的能力对形成新的记忆来说非常重要。
Monday, November 24, 2008
Friday, November 21, 2008
René Magritte & His Paintings
[Source: wikipedia.org]
Nov.21, 2008

René François Ghislain Magritte (21 November 1898 - 15 August 1967) was a Belgian surrealist artist. He became well-known for a number of witty and thought-provoking images.
A consummate technician, his work frequently displays a juxtaposition of ordinary objects in an unusual context, giving new meanings to familiar things. The representational use of objects as other than what they seem is typified in his painting, The Treachery of Images (La trahison des images), which shows a pipe that looks as though it is a model for a tobacco store advertisement. Magritte painted below the pipe "This is not a pipe" (Ceci n'est pas une pipe), which seems a contradiction, but is actually true: the painting is not a pipe, it is an image of a pipe. (In his book This Is Not a Pipe French philosopher and critic Michel Foucault discusses the painting and its paradox.)
A consummate technician, his work frequently displays a juxtaposition of ordinary objects in an unusual context, giving new meanings to familiar things. The representational use of objects as other than what they seem is typified in his painting, The Treachery of Images (La trahison des images), which shows a pipe that looks as though it is a model for a tobacco store advertisement. Magritte painted below the pipe "This is not a pipe" (Ceci n'est pas une pipe), which seems a contradiction, but is actually true: the painting is not a pipe, it is an image of a pipe. (In his book This Is Not a Pipe French philosopher and critic Michel Foucault discusses the painting and its paradox.)
Magritte used the same approach in a painting of an apple: he painted the fruit realistically and then used an internal caption or framing device to deny that the item was an apple. In these Ceci n'est pas works, Magritte points out that no matter how closely, through realism-art, we come to depicting an item accurately, we never do catch the item itself - we cannot smoke tobacco with a picture of a pipe.
His art shows a more representational style of surrealism compared to the "automatic" style seen in works by artists like Joan Miró. In addition to fantastic elements, his work is often witty and amusing. He also created a number of surrealist versions of other famous paintings.René Magritte described his paintings by saying,My painting is visible images which conceal nothing; they evoke mystery and, indeed, when one sees one of my pictures, one asks oneself this simple question, "What does that mean?". It does not mean anything, because mystery means nothing either, it is unknowable. 

Monday, November 10, 2008
人体扫描新突破:无需裸体即可绘制人体三维图像
Nov.10, 2008
[Source: sciam.com.cn]

据国外媒体报道,人体扫描技术获得新突破,利用最新的人体扫描技术,人无需裸体,穿着衣服就可以为其建立人体三维图像,并可以判断出被扫描者的性别,计算出他的胸围、腰围、身高体重等,人体扫描技术的进步将使法医、服装、电影行业等从中受益。
这种人体扫描技术是由美国布朗大学计算机科学家迈克尔•布莱克和研究生亚历克斯安德鲁•巴兰发明,利用这种技术可以创建出被扫描者的人体三维模型,并且在穿着衣服的情况下就可以实现,无需裸体。布莱克说:“如果你看见穿着衣服的人,但是可以让他看上去就像没有穿衣服。”
布莱克和巴兰开发了一种计算机程序,可以精确地绘制出人体外形的数字图像或录像,这是现行人体扫描技术上的一大进步,打破了必需裸体扫描才能建立人体三维图像的束缚。并且通过最新人体扫描技术所绘制出的人体三维图像,科学家能够判断出被扫描者的性别,计算出他的胸围、腰围、身高体重等。布莱克和巴兰本月在法国马赛举办的欧洲会议上关于计算机视觉技术中展示了他们的最新发明成果。
人体扫描技术的进步将使法医、服装、电影制造行业等获得诸多益处。现在,演员必须穿着紧身衣服覆盖反光标志来拍摄他们的动作。但是电影拍摄制作过程中应用这种最新人体扫描技术,可以捕捉到演员的身体形态和动作,而摆脱紧身衣服和反光标志。在运动医学领域,医生可以利用准确的、计算机化的运动员身体模型来更好地掌握他们的受伤情况。在游戏世界,这意味着新一代交互技术的诞生,取代游戏中假扮的人物角色,使用摄影机追踪用户,建立其三维图像并嵌入到用户的计算机游戏中。
这项新技术的关键是布莱克和巴兰意识到可以猜测出人的形态线索,即使当他穿着衣服时候。他们对穿着少量衣服的男性和女性进行扫描,依据2400条详细的激光扫描信息并利用计算机技术建立一个完整的人体三维图像,他们发现结合一个人的各种动作姿势,计算机能够判断出这个人的性别和绘制出他或她的人体三维图像。布莱克说:“当我运动的时候,我的衣服也跟随着不同的身体部位的移动变得或松或紧,身体的形态限制了人的动作和姿势,所以当一个人的身体动作变化时,他或她的身体形态依然不会改变。通过对不同的动作姿势进行分析,我们可以猜测出一个人真正的体形。”
同时,布莱克和巴兰表示,对此大家也不必担心自己的身体像是完全被曝光,因为这项科技并不像X射线眼镜那样可以透过衣服看穿你身体的一切。
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